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Loloish languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Yi language)
"Ngwi languages" redirects here; not to be confused with Ngwii language.
Loloish
Yi, Ngwi, Nisoic
Geographic
distribution		Southern China, Southeast Asia and South Asia
EthnicityYi people
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Proto-languageProto-Loloish
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologlolo1267

The Loloish languages, also known as Yi (like the Yi people) and occasionally Ngwi[1] or Nisoic,[2] are a sub-branch of 50–100 Tibeto-Burman languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, sub-classification is more contentious.

The 2013 edition of Ethnologue estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Loloish ("Ngwi") languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers.

2000 PRC Census
ISO 639-3 Language Speakers
hle Hlersu 15000
jiy Buyuan Jinuo 1000
jiu Youle Jinuo 10000
lkc Kucong 46870
lhu Lahu 530350
lhi Lahu Shi 196200
ywt Xishanba Lalo 213000
yik Dongshanba Lalo 30000
yit Eastern Lalu 38000
ywl Western Lalu 38000
llh Lamu 120
yne Lang'e 2000
lwu Lawu 50
ylm Limi 29000
lpo Lipo 250000
lis Lisu 942700
ycl Lolopo 380000
ysp Southern Lolopo 190000
ymh Mili 23000
yiq Miqie 30000
nuf Nusu 12670
ysn Sani 100000
yta Talu 13600
ytl Tanglang 950
zal Zauzou 2100
yna Aluo 25000
yiu Awu 20000
yyz Ayizi 50
ych Chesu 3300
ygp Gepo 100000
kaf Katso 4000
ylo Naluo Yi 15000
ywu Wumeng Nasu 150000
yig Wusa Nasu 500000
iii Sichuan Yi 2000000
ysd Samatao 400
smh Samei 20000
ysy Sanie 8000
ywq Wuding-Luquan Yi 250000
yif Ache 35000
aub Alugu 3500
yix Axi Yi 100000
aza Azha 53000
yiz Azhe 54000
ybk Bokha 10000
ykt Kathu 5000
ykl Khlula 21000
ykn Kua-nsi 5000
yku Kuamasi 1000
lgh Laghuu 300
nty Mantsi 1100
ymi Moji 2000
ymx Northern Muji 9000
ymq Qila Muji 1500
ymc Southern Muji 26000
ymz Muzi 10000
yso Nisi (China) 36000
nos Eastern Nisu 75000
yiv Northern Nisu 160000
nsf Northwestern Nisu 24000
nsd Southern Nisu 210000
nsv Southwestern Nisu 15000
ypa Phala 12000
ypg Phola 13000
ypo Alo Phola 500
yip Pholo 30000
ypn Ani Phowa 10000
yhl Hlepho Phowa 36000
ypb Labo Phowa 17000
phh Phukha 10000
ypm Phuma 8000
ypp Phupa 3000
yph Phupha 1300
ypz Phuza 6000
ysg Sonaga 2000
ytp Thopho 200
yzk Zokhuo 13000
qeu ? 12400
ahk Akha 563960
bzi Bisu 240
byo Biyo 120000
ycp Chepya 2000
cnc Côông 2030
enu Enu 30000
hni Hani 758620
how Honi 140000
ktp Kaduo 185000
lwm Laomian 1600
lov Lopi not included
mpz Mpi 900
ymd Muda 2000
phq Phana' 350
pho Phunoi 35600
pyy Pyen 700
sgk Sangkong 1500
slt Sila 2480
lbg Laopang 9550
ugo Ugong 80
Total 9078770

Names

[edit]

Loloish is the traditional name for the family in English. Some publications avoid the term under the misapprehension that Lolo is pejorative, but it is the Chinese rendition of the autonym of the Yi people and is pejorative only in writing when it is written with a particular Chinese character (one that uses a beast, rather than a human, radical), a practice that was prohibited by the Chinese government in the 1950s.[3]

David Bradley uses the term Ngwi, and Lama (2012) uses Nisoic. Ethnologue has adopted 'Ngwi', but Glottolog retains 'Loloish'. Paul K. Benedict coined the term Yipho, from Chinese Yi and a common autonymic element (-po or -pho), but it never gained wide usage.

Internal classification

[edit]

Bradley (2007)

[edit]

Loloish was traditionally divided into a northern branch, with Lisu and the numerous Yi languages and a southern branch, with everything else. However, per Bradley[1] and Thurgood[4] there is also a central branch, with languages from both northern and southern. Bradley[5][6] adds a fourth, southeastern branch.

Ugong is divergent; Bradley (1997) places it with the Burmish languages. The Tujia language is difficult to classify due to divergent vocabulary. Other unclassified Loloish languages are Gokhy (Gɔkhý), Lopi and Ache.

Lama (2012)

[edit]

Lama (2012) classified 36 Lolo–Burmese languages based on a computational analysis of shared phonological and lexical innovations. He finds the Mondzish languages to be a separate branch of Lolo-Burmese, which Lama considers to have split off before Burmish did. The rest of the Loloish languages are as follows:

Loloish

Hanoish: Jino, Akha–Hani languages, Bisoid languages, etc. (See)

Lahoish: Lahu, Kucong

Naxish: Naxi, Namuyi

Nusoish: Nusu, Zauzou (Rouruo)

Ni ‑ Li ‑ Ka

Kazhuoish: Katso (Kazhuo), Samu (Samatao), Sanie, Sadu,[7] Meuma[8]

Lisoish: Lisu, Lolopo, etc. (See)

Nisoish: Nisoid languages, Axi-Puoid languages

The Nisoish, Lisoish, and Kazhuoish clusters are closely related, forming a clade ("Ni-Li-Ka") at about the same level as the other five branches of Loloish. Lama's Naxish clade has been classified as Qiangic rather than Loloish by Guillaume Jacques and Alexis Michaud[9] (see Qiangic languages).

A Lawoish (Lawu) branch has also been recently proposed.[10]

Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages does support the inclusion of Naxish (Naic) within Lolo-Burmese, but recognizes Lahoish and Nusoish as coherent language groups that form independent branches of Loloish.[11]

Lesser-known languages

[edit]
Main article: List of lesser-known Loloish languages

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Bradley 1997.
  2. ^ Lama 2012.
  3. ^ Benedict, Paul K. (1987). "Autonyms: ought or ought not" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10: 188..
  4. ^ Thurgood 2003, p. 8.
  5. ^ Bradley 2002.
  6. ^ Bradley 2007.
  7. ^ Fang Lifen [方利芬]. 2013. A genetic study on the Sadu language of Bai people in Yuxi [玉溪白族撒都话系属研究]. M.A. dissertation. Beijing: Minzu University.
  8. ^ Hsiu, Andrew (August 7–10, 2013). New Endangered Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and Others. 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 46). Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, US. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127796. S2CID 135404293.
  9. ^ Jacques, Guillaume & Michaud, Alexis (2011). "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages" (PDF). Diachronica. 28 (4): 468–498. doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac. S2CID 54013956.
  10. ^ Hsiu, Andrew (2017), The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor
  11. ^ Satterthwaite-Phillips 2011.
  • Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification". Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11.
  • Bradley, David (2002). "The subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman". In Beckwith, Christopher & Blezer, Henk (eds.). Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages. International Association for Tibetan Studies Proceedings 9 (2000) and Brill Tibetan Studies Library 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 73–112.
  • Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 349–424.
  • Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (PDF) (Ph.D). University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. dissertation). Stanford University.
  • Thurgood, Graham (2003), "A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages", in Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.), Sino-Tibetan Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 3–21, ISBN 978-0-7007-1129-1.
  • Driem, George van (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Brill.
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